Chen, H., Wang, C., Huasai, S., and Chen, A.: Effects of dietary forage to
concentrate ratio on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation and rumen
bacterial composition in Angus cows, Sci. Rep., 11, 17023,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-96580-5, 2021.
Dadashi, S., Mousazadeh, M., Emam-Djomeh, Z., and Mousavi, M.: Pomegranate
(
Punica granatum L.) seed: A comparative study on biochemical composition and oil
physicochemical characteristics biochemical composition of pomegranate seed
oil, Int. J. Adv. Biol., 1, 351–363, 2013.
Dehority, B. A.: Rumen Microbiology, Nottingham University Press, UK, ISBN 1-897676-99-9, 2003.
Doreau, M., Aurousseau, E., and Martin, C.: Effects of linseed lipids fed as
rolled seeds, extruded seeds or oil on organic matter and crude protein
digestion in cows, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 150, 187–196,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.09.004, 2009.
Doreau, M. and Ferlay, A.: Effect of dietary lipids on nitrogen metabolism in
the rumen: a review, Livest. Prod. Sci., 43, 97–110,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-6226(95)00041-I, 1995.
El-Sherbiny, M., Cieslak, A., Pers-Kamczyc, E., Szczechowiak, J., Kowalczyk,
D., and Szumacher-Strabel, M.: A nanoemulsified form of oil blends positively
affects the fatty acid proportion in ruminal batch cultures, J. Dairy Sci., 99,
399–407, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9328, 2016.
Eugène, M., Archimède, H., and Sauvant, D.: Quantitative meta-analysis
on the effects of defaunation of the rumen on growth, intake and digestion
in ruminants, Livest. Prod. Sci., 85, 81–97,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(03)00117-9, 2004.
Fadavi, A., Barzegar, M., and Azizi, M. H.: Determination of fatty acids and
total lipid content in oilseed of 25 pomegranates varieties grown in Iran,
J. Food Compos. Anal., 19, 676–680, https://https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2004.09.002,
2006.
Griinari, J. M., Corl, B. A., Lacy, S. H., Chouinard, P. Y., Nurmela, K. V.,
and Bauman, D. E.: Conjugated linoleic acid is synthesized endogenously in
lactating dairy cows by delta(9)-desaturase, J. Nutr., 130,
2285–2291, http://https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.9.2285, 2000.
Hristov, A. N., Ivan, M., and McAllister, T. A.:
In vitro effects of individual fatty
acids on protozoal numbers and on fermentation products in ruminal fluid
from cattle fed a high-concentrate, barley-based diet, J. Anim. Sci., 82,
2693–2704, https://doi.org/10.2527/2004.8292693x, 2004.
Ishlak, A., AbuGhazaleh, A. A., and Günal, M.: Short communication: Effect of
blackberry and pomegranate oils on vaccenic acid formation in a single-flow
continuous culture fermentation system, J. Dairy Sci., 97, 1067–1071,
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-6860, 2014.
Ivan, M., Mir, P., Koenig, K., Rode, L., Neill, L., Entz, T., and Mir, Z.:
Effects of dietary sunflower seed oil on rumen protozoa population and
tissue concentration of conjugated linoleic acid in sheep, Small Rumin. Re.,
41, 215–227, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(01)00220-6, 2001.
Jalc, D., Kisidayova, S., and Nerud, F.: Effect of plant oils and organic acids
on rumen fermentation
in vitro, Folia Microbiol., 47, 171–177,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02817677, 2002.
Jalc, D., Certik, M., Kundrikova, K., and Namestkova, P.: Effect of unsaturated
C-18 fatty acids (oleic, linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid) on ruminal
fermentation and production of fatty acid isomers in an artificial rumen,
Vet Med., 52, 87–94, https://doi.org/10.17221/2012-VETMED, 2007.
Jenkins, T. C.: Lipid metabolism in the rumen, J. Dairy Sci., 76, 3851–3863,
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77727-9, 1993.
Khoddami, A. and Roberts, T.: Pomegranate oil as a valuable pharmaceutical and
nutraceutical, Lipid Technol., 27, 40–42,
https://doi.org/10.1002/lite.201500002, 2015.
Machmüller, A., Ossowski, D., Wanner, M., and Kreuzer, M.: Potential of
various fatty feeds to reduce methane release from rumen fermentation
in vitro
(Rusitec), Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 71, 117–130,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(97)00126-0, 1998.
Maia, M. R. G., Chaudhary, L. C., Figueres, L., and Wallace, R. J.: Metabolism of
polyunsaturated fatty acids and their toxicity to the microflora of the
rumen, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 91, 303–314,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-006-9118-2, 2007.
Makkar, H. P. S.:
In vitro screening of feed resources for efficiency of microbial
protein synthesis, in:
In vitro screening of plant resources for extra nutritional
attributes in ruminants, edited by: Vercoe, P. E., Makkar, H. P. S., and Schlink, A. C., 112 pp.,
IAEA, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3297-3, 2010.
Maleki, E., Meng, G. Y., Faseleh Jahromi, M., Jorfi, R., Khoddami, A,
and Ebrahimi, M.: Pomegranate seed oil rich in conjugated linolenic acids
reduces in vitro methane production, S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci., 46, 327–335,
https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v46i3.13, 2016.
McDonald, I. A.: Revised model for the estimation of protein degradability in
the rumen, J. Agric. Sci., 96, 251–252,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600032081, 1981.
McDougall, E. I.: Studies on ruminant saliva, I. The composition and output
of sheep's saliva, Biochem. J., 43, 99–109, 1948.
Menke, K. H. and Steingass, H.: Estimation of energetic feed value obtained from
chemical analysis and
in vitro production using rumen fluid, J. Anim. Res., 28, 7–55,
1988.
Muetzel, S., Hunt, C., and Tavendale, M. H.: A fully automated incubation system
for the measurement of gas production and gas composition, Anim. Feed Sci.
Technol., 196, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.05.016, 2014.
Nagaraja, T. G., Newbold, C. J., van Nevel, C. J., and Demeyer, D. I.: Manipulation
of ruminal fermentation in The rumen microbial ecosystem, edited by: Hobson, P. N.,
Stewart CS, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1453-7_13,
1997.
NRC: Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 7th Edn., National Academy Press,
Washington, DC, USA, ISBN 0-309-06997-1, 2001.
O'Brien, A. M., Navarro-Villa, A., Purcell, P.J., Boland, T. M., and O'Kiely, A. P.: Reducing in vitro rumen methanogenesis for two contrasting diets using a series of inclusion rates of different additives, Anim. Prod. Sci., 54, 41–157, https://doi.org/10.1071/AN12204, 2014.
Patra, A. K.: The effect of dietary fats on methane emissions, and its other
effects on digestibility, rumen fermentation and lactation performance in
cattle: A meta-analysis, Livest. Sci., 155, 244–254,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2013.05.023, 2013.
Roy, A., Mandal, G. P., and Patra, A. K.: Effects of different vegetable oils on
rumen fermentation and conjugated linoleic acid concentration
in vitro, Vet. World,
10, 11–16, https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2017.11-16, 2017.
Russell, J. B. and Martin, S. A.: Effects of various methane inhibitors on the
fermentation of amino acids by mixed rumen microorganisms
in vitro, J. Anim. Sci.,
59, 1329–1338, https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1984.5951329x, 1984.
Sethi, N., Kaura, S., Dilbaghi, N., Parle, M., and Pal, M.: Garlic: a pungent
wonder from nature, Int. Res. J. Pharm., 5, 523–529, 2014.
Saliba, L., Gervais, R., Lebeuf, Y., and Chouinard, P. Y.: Effect of feeding
linseed oil in diets differing in forage to concentrate ratio: 1. Production
performance and milk fat content of biohydrogenation intermediates of
α-linolenic acid, J. Dairy Res., 81, 82–90,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029913000691, 2014.
Tamminga, S. and Doreau, M.: Lipids and rumen digestion, in:
Rumen Microbial Metabolism and Ruminal Digestion, edited by: Jouany, J. P., INRA, Paris, France, ISBN: 2738003451, 9782738003454, 1991.
Theodorou, M. K., Williams, B. A., Dhanoa, M. S., McAllen, A. B., and France, J. A.:
Simple gas production method using a pressure transducer to determine the
fermentation kinetics of ruminant feeds, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 48,
185–197, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(94)90171-6, 1994.
Tsiaganis, M. C., Laskari, K., and Melissari, E.: Fatty acid composition of
Allium species lipids, J. Food Compos. Anal., 19, 620–627,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2005.06.003, 2006.
Ueda, K., Ferlay, A., Chabrot, J., Loor, J. J. Chilliard, Y., and Doreau, M.:
Effect of linseed oil supplementation on ruminal digestion in dairy cows fed
diets with different forage: concentrate ratios, J. Dairy Sci., 86, 3999–4007,
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)74011-9, 2003.
Váradyová, Z., Kišidayová, S., Siroka, P., and Jalč, D.:
Fatty acid profiles of rumen fluid from sheep fed diets supplemented with
various oils and effect on the rumen ciliate population, Czech J. Anim Sci., 52,
399–406, https://doi.org/10.17221/2322-CJAS, 2007.
Vargas, J. E., Andrés, S., López-Ferreras, L., Snelling, T. J.,
Yáñez-Ruíz, D. R., García-Estrada, C., and López, S.:
Effect of sunflower and marine oils on ruminal microbiota,
in vitro fermentation and
digesta fatty acid profile, Front. Microbiol., 8, 1–15,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01124, 2017.
Vargas, J. E., Andrés, S., López-Ferreras, L., Snelling, T. J.,
Yáñez-Ruíz, D. R., García-Estrada, C., and López, S.:
Dietary supplemental plant oils reduce methanogenesis from anaerobic
microbial fermentation in the rumen, Sci. Rep., 10, 1613,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58401-z, 2020.
Wallace, R. J., Czerkawski, J. W., and Breckenridge, G.: Effect of monensin on the
fermentation of basal ration in the Rumen Simulation Technique (RUSITEC),
Br. J. Nutr., 46, 131–148, https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19810016, 1981.
Whetstone, H. D., Davis, C. L., and Bryant, M. P.: Effect of monensin on breakdown
of protein by ruminal microorganisms
in vitro, J. Anim. Sci., 55, 803–809,
https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1981.533803x, 1981.
Wu, D., Xu, L., Tang, S., Guan, L., He, Z., Guan, Y., Tan, Z., Han, X.,
Zhou, C., Kang, J., and Wang, M.: Influence of oleic acid on rumen fermentation
and fatty acid formation
in vitro, Plos ONE, 11, 1–13,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156835, 2016.
Zhang, C. M., Guo, Y. Q., Yuan, Z. P., Wu, Y. M., Wamg, J. K., Liu, J. X., and Zhu,
W. Y.: Effect of octadeca carbon fatty acids on microbial fermentation,
methanogenesis and microbial flora
in vitro, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 146, 259–269, 2008.
