Polyunsaturated fatty acids play an important role in a wide variety of physiological processes. They are produced by a series of chemical reactions. One of the enzymes converting such acids is a delta 6 desaturase encoded by the FADS2 gene. Therefore, we aimed to determine possible associations between the polymorphism in this gene and milk fatty acid composition in dairy cattle. An identified substitution could be used as a potential genetic marker for fatty acid composition in bovine milk.

Resequencing of diversity hidden in the innate-immunity genes of the TLR series in Czech Simmental, its conserved subpopulation, and the ancestral Czech Red cattle showed sufficient potential for infection resistance breeding regardless of the prevailing breeding for production traits on the one hand and a limited potential of diversity preserved in the historical populations on the other. The importance of the characterization of genetic resources to counteract changing infections is implied.

Four indels were identified by sequencing with DNA pool. Association analysis showed that three of them were associated with growth traits (P<0.05). Our results demonstrated that the polymorphisms in bovine MSRB3 gene were significantly associated with growth traits, which could be candidate loci for marker-assisted selection (MAS) in cattle breeding. These molecular markers are expected to accelerate the process of molecular breeding.