DGAT1 and Lep genes are closely related to reproduction, growth, milk yield in water buffalo breeds. This study aimed to identify genetic variation in the DGAT1 and Lep gene regions in 150 water buffalo individuals in Turkey. A total of 38 nucleotide variations and indels have identified the Lep gene, and two mutations were defined in the point of 155 and 275 nucleotide that is three genotypes for S allele and Y allele of DGAT1 gene in intron 7 in Anatolian water buffalo populations.

This research aimed to investigate the differentially expressed miRNAs related to uterine involution in ovary and uterus. We have screened a total of 16 differentially expressed miRNAs in ovary libraries and 54 miRNAs in uterus libraries. Meanwhile, we have found that miRNA-200a could target ZEB1 and YAP1 to participate in the process of uterine involution. The study enriched the miRNA sets related to the uterine involution in the ovary–uterus axis.

Sixty-eight samples were collected from Egyptian Maghrebi camels to investigate the association of β-casein gene with milk composition traits. β-casein gene, parity and lactation stage recorded significant effect on chemical composition of milk, suggesting the processing of their milk into cheese and butter at the end of lactation stages of the middle parities of their productive life. β-casein gene may be used as a DNA marker in selection programs for the improvement of camel milk composition.

The α_S2 casein (α_S2-CN) is an important component in milk, but the variation of buffalo CSN1S2 and its corresponding variants are not clear. In this study, 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in CSN1S2 by DNA sequencing. Based on them, 11 α_S2-CN variants were inferred and named. There are eight amino acid differences between buffalo and cattle in the sequences of α_S2-CN variants. The results provide insights into the variation, characteristics and function of buffalo CSN1S2.

In order to reveal whether peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1 α (PPARGC1A) gene is involved in the process of milk fat synthesis in buffalo, we analyzed the function and expression of this gene here. The results showed that buffalo PPARGC1A played a key role in the lipid synthesis of mammary gland. Eight SNPs were found in its coding region, of which three were non-synonymous. This study revealed that the PPARGC1A is closely related to buffalo milk fat synthesis.