Baneh, H., Javanrouh, A., Sadeghi, S. A. T., Yazdanshenas, M. S., Mandal, A., Ahmadpanah, J., and Mohammadi, Y.: Characterization of population structure and genetic diversity of Adani goats, Livest. Sci. and techn., 8, 79–89, https://doi.org/10.22103/jlst.2020.15775.1315, 2020.
Baumung, R., Farkas, J., Boichard, D., Mészáros, G., Sölkner, J., and Curik, I.: Grain: A computer program to calculate ancestral and partial inbreeding coefficients using a gene dropping approach, J. Anim. Breed. Genet., 132, 100–108, https://doi.org/10.1111/jbg.12145, 2015.
Boon, S.: Managing inbreeding within sheep breeding programmes, Signet Breeding Services, 1–6,
http://texel.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Managing-Inbreeding-within-Sheep-Breeding-Programmes.pdf (last access: 24 June 2025), 2014.
Boujenane, I. and Chami, A.: Effects of inbreeding on reproduction, weights and survival of Sardi and Beni Guil sheep, J. Anim. Breed. Genet., 114, 23–31, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.1997.tb00488.x, 1997.
Caballero, A. and Toro, M. A.: Interrelations between effective population size and other pedigree tools for the management of conserved populations, Genet. Res., 75, 331–343, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016672399004449, 2000.
Ceyhan, A., Kaygisiz, A., and Sezenler, T.: Effect of inbreeding on preweaning growth traits and survival rate in Sakiz sheep, J. Anim. Plant Sci., 21, 1–4,
https://www.thejaps.org.pk/docs/21(1)2011/EFFECT-INBREEDING.pdf (last access: 24 June 2025), 2011.
Chaudhari, A. B., Ramanujam, R., and Ragothaman, V.: Effects of inbreeding on reproduction and fitness traits in a closed flock of Nilagiri sheep, an endangered Indian breed, Small Rumin. Res., 219, 106904, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106904, 2023.
CSWRI breed profile: Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar,
http://www.cswri.res.in/Breed-profile (last access: 24 June 2025), 2024.
Doekes, H. P., Veerkamp, R. F., Bijma, P., de Jong, G., Hiemstra, S. J., and Windig, J. J.: Inbreeding depression due to recent and ancient inbreeding in Dutch Holstein–Friesian dairy cattle, Genet. Sel. Evol., 51, 54, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12711-019-0497-z, 2019.
Doekes, H. P., Curik, I., Nagy, I., Farkas, J., Kövér, G., and Windig, J. J.: Revised calculation of Kalinowski's ancestral and new inbreeding coefficients, Diversity, 12, 155, https://doi.org/10.3390/d12040155, 2020.
Doekes, H. P., Bijma, P., and Windig, J. J.: How depressing is inbreeding? A meta-analysis of 30 years of research on the effects of inbreeding in livestock, Genes, 12, 926, https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12060926, 2021.
Dorostkar, M., Shodja, J., Rafat, S. A., Rokouei, M., and Esfandyari, H.: Inbreeding and inbreeding depression in Iranian Moghani sheep breed, J. Agric. Sci. Tech., 14, 549–556, 2012.
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO): Secondary guidelines for development of national farm animal genetic resources management plans, Page 63 in Management of Small Populations at Risk,
http://www.fao.org/3/a-w9361e.pdf (last access: 24 June 2025), 1998.
Gowane, G. R., Prince, L. L. L., Paswan, C., Misra, S. S., Sharma, R. C., and Naqvi, S. M. K.: Genetic analysis of reproductive and fitness traits of Malpura sheep in semi-arid tropics of India, Agric. Res., 3, 75–82, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-014-0091-0, 2014.
Gutiérrez, J. P. and Goyache, F.: A note on ENDOG: a computer program for analysing pedigree information, J. Anim. Breed. Genet., 122, 172–176, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.2005.00512.x, 2005.
Hinrichs, D., Bennewitz, J., Wellmann, R., and Taller, G.: Estimation of ancestral inbreeding effect on stillbirth, calving ease and birth weight in German Holstein dairy cattle, J. Anim. Breed. Genet., 132, 59–67, https://doi.org/10.1111/jbg.12114, 2015.
Hossein-Zadeh, N. G.: Inbreeding effects on body weight traits of Iranian Moghani sheep, Arch. Anim. Breed., 55, 171–178, https://doi.org/10.5194/aab-55-171-2012, 2012.
IBM Corp.: IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA,
https://www.ibm.com/products/spss-statistics (last access: 24 December 2024), 2019.
Illa, S. K., Gollamoori, G., and Nath, S.: Evaluation of selection program by assessing the genetic diversity and inbreeding effects on Nellore sheep growth through pedigree analysis, Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci., 33, 1369, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.18.0553, 2020.
Justinski, C., Wilkens, J., and Distl, O.: Genetic diversity and trends of ancestral and New inbreeding in German sheep breeds by pedigree data, Animals, 13, 623, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13040623, 2023.
Kalinowski, S., Hedrick, P., and Miller, P.: Inbreeding de pression in the Speke's gazelle captive breeding program, Conserv. Biol., 14, 1375–1384, https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.1430030302, 2000.
Kinghorn, B. P.: Pedigree Viewer-A graphical utility for browsing pedigreed data sets, in: 5th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, 7–12 August 1994, 22, 85–86,
https://books.google.com/books/about/5th_World_Congress_on_Genetics_Applied_t.html?id=7u8OAQAAMAAJ (last access: 14 March 2025), 1994.
Kleiber, M.: Body size and metabolic rate, Physiol. Rev., 27, 511–541, https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1947.27.4.511, 1947
Kumar, S., Prince, L. L. L., Mishra, A. K., and Arora, A. L.: Estimation of inbreeding in Chokla sheep, Indian Vet. J., 85, 1284–1286, 2008.
Lacy, R. C.: Analysis of founder representation in pedigrees: founder equivalents and founder genome equivalents, Zoo Biol., 8, 111–123, https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.1430080203, 1989.
Lacy, R. C.: Clarification of genetic terms and their use in the management of captive populations, Zoo Biol., 14, 565–577, https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.1430140609, 1995.
Leroy, G.: Inbreeding depression in livestock species: review and meta-analysis, Anim. Genet., 45, 618–628, https://doi.org/10.1111/age.12178, 2014.
MacKinnon, K. M.: Analysis of inbreeding in a closed population of crossbred sheep, Master of Science thesis of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia,
https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/c92f2d6e-fffd-405b-b1b9-015a49da1bc0/content (last access: 18 January 2025), 2003.
Mandal, A., Pant, K. P., Rout, P. K., and Roy, R.: Effects of Inbreeding on Lamb Survival in a Flock of Muzaffarnagari Sheep, Indian J. Anim. Sci., 17, 594–597, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2004.594, 2004.
Mandal, A., Pant, K. P., Notter, D. R., Rout, P. K., Roy, R., Sinha, N. K., and Sharma, N.: Studies on inbreeding and its effects on growth and fleece traits of Muzaffarnagari sheep, Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci., 18, 1363–1367, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2005.1363, 2005.
Mandal, A., Baneh, H., and Subramanyam, B. V.: Genetic variability and population structure based on pedigree information for Muzaffarnagari sheep in India, Small Rumin. Res., 191, 106182, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106182, 2020.
McParland, S., Kearney, F., and Berry, D. P.: Purging of in breeding depression within the Irish Holstein- Friesian population, Genet. Sel. Evol., 41, 16, https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9686-41-16, 2009.
Nabi, N., Ganai, N. A., Shanaz, S., Aalam, S., Shabir, M., Majid, R., Bukhari, S., Mir, S. A., Hamadani, A., and Rather, M. A.: Effect of Inbreeding Coefficient on Growth and Fitness Traits in a Closed Flock of Corriedale Sheep, Indian J. Anim. Res., 56, 525–530, https://doi.org/10.18805/IJAR.B-4254, 2021.
Naghavian, S., Hasani, S., Ahani Azari, M., Khan Ahmadi, A. R., Saghi, D. A., and Mami Zade, N.: Estimation of inbreeding coefficients using pedigree and microsatellite markers and its effects on economic traits of Shirvan Kordi Sheep, Iran. J. Appl. Anim. Sci., 6, 133–141, 2016.
Negussie, E., Abegaz, S., and Rege, J. O. E.: Genetic trend and effects of inbreeding on growth performance of tropical fat-tailed sheep, in: Proc. 7th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Montpellier, France, 19–23 August 2002, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Solomon-Abegaz/ (last access: 24 June 2025), 2002.
Nguyen, A. T., Kövér, G., Farkas, J., Bokor, Á., Tóth, P., and Nagy, I.: Analysis of genetic variability and population structure of the Mangalica pig breed using pedigree data, Livest. Sci., 273, 105265, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105265, 2023.
Nilson, S. M., Burke, J. M., Murdoch, B. M., Morgan, J. L. M., and Lewis, R. M.: Pedigree diversity and implications for genetic selection of Katahdin sheep, J. Anim. Breed. Genet., 141, 304–316, https://doi.org/10.1111/jbg.12842, 2023.
Posta, J., Matics, Z., and Gerencsér, Z.: Pedigree based description of the Pannon White rabbit, Livest. Sci., 283, 105460, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2024.105460, 2024.
Prince, L. L. L., Kumar, S., Mishra, A. K., and Arora, A. L.: Status of inbreeding in a closed flock of Avikalin Sheep, Indian Vet J., 85, 1054–1056, 2008.
R Core Team: A language and environment for statistical computing (Version 4.4.3), R Foundation for Statistical Computing [code],
https://www.R-project.org/ (last access: 15 April 2025), 2024.
Rahim, A., Rajaravindra, S., Chaturvedi, O. H., and Sharma, S. R.: Population structure and genetic diversity of German Angora rabbit through pedigree analysis, Animal Biosci., 36, 692–703, https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.22.0228, 2023.
Rashidi, A., Almasi, M., and Razmkabir, M.: Estimation of inbreeding coefficient and its effects on birth weight and kid survival in Markhoz goats, J. Zankoy Sulaimanni, 16, 189–195, https://doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10321, 2014.
Reverter, A. and Chan, E. K.: Combining partial correlation and an information theory approach to the reversed engineering o
f gene co-expression networks, Bioinformatics, 24, 2491–2497, https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btn482, 2008.
Santana, M. L., Jr Pereira, R., Bignardi, A. B., Ayres, D. R., Menezes, G. D. O., Silva, L. O. C., and Albuquerque, L. G.: Structure and genetic diversity of Brazilian Zebu cattle breeds assessed by pedigree analysis, Livest. Sci., 187, 6–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2016.02.002, 2016.
Saran, R. K., Pannu, U., Vyas, J., Narula, H. K., and Chopra, A.: Studying genetic diversity of magra sheep using pedigree analyses, Indian J. Small Rumin., 30, 18–29, https://doi.org/10.5958/0973-9718.2024.00026.6, 2024.
Schäler, J., Krüger, B., Thaller, G., and Hinrichs, D.: Comparison of ancestral, partial, and genomic inbreeding in a local pig breed to achieve genetic diversity, Conserv. Genet. Resour., 12, 77–86, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12686-018-1057-5, 2020.
Shannon, P., Markiel, A., Ozier, O., Baliga, N. S., Wang, J. T., Ramage, D., and Ideker, T.: Cytoscape: A sofware environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks, Genome Res., 13, 2498–2504, https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.1239303, 2003.
Tohidi, R., Cue, R. I., Nazari, B. M., and Pahlavan, R.: The effect of new and ancestral inbreeding on milk production traits in Iranian Holstein cattle, J. Anim. Breed. Genet., 140, 276–286, https://doi.org/10.1111/jbg.12755, 2023.
Van Wyk, J. B., Fair, M. D., and Cloete, S. W. P.: Case study: The effect of inbreeding on the production and reproduction traits in the Elsenburg Dormer sheep stud, Liv. Sci., 120, 218–224, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2006.10.005, 2009.
Venkataramanan, R., Subramanian, A., Sivaselvam, S. N., Sivakumar, T., Sreekumar, C., and Iyue, M.: Effect of inbreeding and individual increase in inbreeding on growth in Nilagiri and Sandyno breeds of sheep, Anim. Genet. Resour. Inf., 58, 63–71, https://doi.org/10.1017/S2078633615000338, 2016.
Vostra-Vydrova, H., Hofmanova, B., Moravcikova, N., Rychtarova, J., Kasarda, R., Machova, K., and Vostry, L.: Genetic diversity, admixture and the effect of inbreeding on milk performance in two autochthonous goat breeds, Livest. Sci., 240, 104163, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104163, 2020.
Vyas, J., Chopra, A., Pannu, U., Saran, R. K., and Narula, H. K.: Population structure of Marwari sheep through pedigree analysis, Small. Rumin. Res., 206, 106590, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106590, 2022.
Vyas, J., Pannu, U., Saran, R. K., Narula, H. K., Chopra, A., and Gowane, G. R.: Performance evaluation of Marwari lambs for growth traits and impact of inbreeding, Zygote, 31, 288–295, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0967199423000138, 2023.
Watson-Haigh, N. S., Kadarmideen, H. N., and Reverter, A.: PCIT: A R package for weighted gene co-expression networks based on partial correlation and information theory approaches, Bioinformatics, 26, 411–413, https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp674, 2010.
Windig, J. J., Verweij, M. J., and Oldenbroek, J. K.: Reducing inbreeding rates with a breeding circle: Theory and practice in Veluws Heideschaap, J. Anim. Breed. Genet., 136, 51–62, https://doi.org/10.1111/jbg.12371, 2019.
Wirth, A., Duda, J., and Distl, O.: Genetic diversity and the impact of the breed proportions of US Brown Swiss in German Brown cattle, Animals (Basel), 11, 152–165, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11010152, 2021.
Wright, S.: Coefficients of inbreeding and relationship, Am. Nat., 56, 330–338, https://doi.org/10.1086/279872, 1922.