The research carried out on meat from 45 ram lambs of the Polish merino
breed allowed to determine the effect of meat aging and muscle type on
physicochemical characteristics and oxidative stability of lipids. Analysis
of physicochemical traits (pH, meat color, expressed juice, cooking loss,
shear force, moisture, protein, fat and total collagen content) was
performed on fresh and meat aged for 14 d in the longissimus lumborum (LL) and gluteus medius (GM) muscles.
The meat aging determined all physicochemical characteristics except
protein and fat content. More changes in pH and meat color parameters
were defined in the GM muscle compared to the LL muscle. The increase in the
tenderness of meat expressed as a reduction (P<0.05) of shear force
values was observed in both muscles aged for 14 d. A lower value
(P<0.05) of the shear force, despite the higher content of
collagen, was determined in the GM muscle compared to LL. The investigated muscles
differed in the degree of lipid peroxidation expressed as thiobarbituric
acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in both fresh and aged meat. The TBARS
value was lower (P<0.05) in the LL muscle than in GM. In the longissimus lumborum muscle, the
significantly lower content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and PUFA
n-6 has been recorded. The oxidation stability was not influenced by the
meat aging.
Introduction
The main factor that determines the consumer acceptance of meat is its
quality, which is perceived by such physicochemical features as color, tenderness,
juiciness or the amount of intramuscular fat. These properties depend on the
animal species and breed, feeding system and body weight at slaughter, as well
as muscle type and also on meat aging time (Martinez-Cerezo et al., 2005;
Abdullah and Qudsieh, 2009; Callejas-Cardenas et al., 2014; Ablikim et al.,
2016; Ponnampalam et al., 2017; Sosin-Bzducha and Puchała, 2017; Florek
et al., 2018).
Mammalian muscles are composed of fibers of different morphological,
metabolic and functional characteristics (Sazili et al., 2005). The
development of various fiber types of muscle affects not only the overall
muscle mass in carcasses of slaughter animals but also the quality traits of
meat (Lee et al., 2010). The diversity of muscles, due to various
proportions of each fiber type in them, may be related to intramuscular fat
and connective tissue content, and also has an impact on meat color and water-holding capacity (Picard et al., 2002; Purslow, 2005; Yancey et al., 2005;
Ryu and Kim, 2006).
Apart from the features influencing the technological value of meat, the
muscle type may contribute to its health value, which includes the content
of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (Janovska et al., 2010). The quality of meat
for consumption is inseparably linked with the process of its aging after
slaughter. During aging, a number of changes occur in the micro- and
ultra-structure of the meat which determine the tenderization initiated by
the calcium-dependent calpain system (Koohmaraie and Geesink, 2006). The process
of meat aging is also associated with favorable changes in its water-holding
capacity (Farouk et al., 2012). Apart from the undeniably beneficial effects
of post-slaughter aging of meat, there may be processes negatively affecting
its final value, resulting mainly from oxidation of lipid components as well
as destabilization of meat color (Bekhit et al., 2013; Hopkins et al., 2013;
Ponnampalam et al., 2017).
The aging time of meat, which determines the quality indicators, varies
depending on the animal species, the cooling conditions and the type of
muscle. The expected aging time for beef is determined as 6 weeks
(Sosin-Bzducha and Puchała, 2017), whereas according to Nowak (2005) the
appropriate aging time for pork is 6–10 d and for poultry meat from 12
to 24 h. The effect of aging time on physicochemical properties of lamb
meat was studied in different periods, starting from 7 to even 30 and 60 d after slaughter (Abdullah and Qudsieh, 2009; Ablikim et al., 2016;
Ponnampalam et al., 2017).
The aim of this study was to analyze the physicochemical characteristics
and lipid oxidation of fresh and 14 d post-slaughter aged lamb meat,
taking into account the type of muscle.
Material and methods
This research was conducted on 45 ram lambs of Polish merino breed fattened
to achieve their slaughter weight of 40 kg (±1.5 kg).
The ethical approval for this experiment was obtained from the II Local
Ethical Commission for Animal Experimentation in Warsaw (consent form number
WAW2_20/2016). The animals were kept in a barn on straw
bedding under uniform environmental conditions with constant zootechnical
and veterinary supervision.
The lambs were fed in a group according to the standards for fattening lambs
up to 30–40 kg (Osikowski et al., 1998). They received the meadow hay,
steamed potatoes and concentrate containing 57.8 % oatmeal, 17.6 %
wheat bran, 23,5 % rapeseed meal and 1 % mineral mixture. The chemical
composition and nutritional value of the fodder are presented in Table 1.
The animals were fed twice a day at 07:00 and 16:00 LT (local time). The
meadow hay was fed to the lambs separately. The potatoes and concentrate
were mixed before each feeding. The animals had constant access to water.
The chemical composition and nutritional value of feeds used in
lamb fattening.
After reaching the desired body weight lambs were taken to an abattoir and
slaughtered according to Council Regulation (EC) no. 1099/2009 of 24 September 2009 (Acts. Office EU dated. 18.11.2009 L 303/1). Carcasses were
suspended from the Achilles tendon and chilled at 4 ∘C for 24 h
and weighed. From the right and left sides of each carcass, the samples of
longissimus lumborum (LL; n=90) and gluteus medius (GM; n=90) muscle were collected and vacuum packed. The 45 LL and 45 GM samples were transported in the refrigerator to the
laboratory in order to perform quality analysis on not aged (fresh) meat.
The other 45 LL and 45 GM muscles were aged in the constant temperature of
2 ∘C and 68 % humidity for 14 d. After that period, samples
were subjected to analysis of meat quality.
Sample preparation and analysis
The analyzed LL and GM samples were trimmed of visible connective and
adipose tissues.
The pH was measured using an Elmetron CP-411 pH meter with a dagger
electrode calibrated at pH values of 4.0, 7.0 and 9.0.
The color of fresh and aged LL and GM samples was measured on the meat
surface, after 30 min of exposure to the air, using a Minolta CR-410 (Konica-Minolta) colorimeter. The following color coordinates were determined:
lightness (L∗), redness (a∗) and yellowness (b∗), color saturation (C∗) and
hue (H∗).
The LL and GM muscle samples were cut perpendicular to the muscle fiber into
two parts and utilized for further analysis of expressed juice, cooking
loss, shear force, chemical and fatty acid composition, as well as lipid
peroxidation.
The expressed juice was determined by the Grau and Hamm (1953) method. Samples
(0.3 g) of meat were placed on Whatman filter paper no. 1 and held under
a pressure of 2 kg for 5 min. The outline area of the expressible juice
and the meat film was traced, and two areas were measured using planimeter. The
results have been calculated in cm2 g-1 meat.
To evaluate cooking loss, the samples of fresh and aged LL and GM muscles
were weighed, wrapped in baking paper and heated in a convection oven at
90 ∘C until they reached endpoint temperature (70 ∘C) in the
approximate geometric center of the sample. After cooking, the samples were
cooled (40 min at 20–23 ∘C), manually wiped with a paper towel to
remove visible exudates and re-weighed to determine cooking losses.
The cooked samples were kept overnight in a chiller at 4 ∘C.
Then, the three cores (1.25 cm in diameter) were excised from each sample
parallel to the muscle fiber orientation, through the thickest portion of
the cooked muscle. Shear force was determined as maximum force (N)
perpendicular to the fibers, using ZWIKI Roell type Z 2.5 equipped with a
Warner–Bratzler blade. The average value for the sample was calculated based
on three replications.
Chemical composition of the meat
The basic chemical composition of fresh and aged meat was determined by
analyzing the contents of moisture, crude protein, intramuscular fat and
collagen using a spectrometric technique with a near-infrared transmission
(NIR) method (PN-A-82109). The meat samples were homogenized in an
Elektrolux DITO K35 processor. Afterwards, unified samples were placed in a
measuring cell of FoodScan analyzer. The device uses the near-infrared
transmission method within 850–1050 nm range and is fitted with ANN
calibration developed using a model of artificial neural networks. The
analysis is performed by indicating in the computer program the number of 16 measurements in the sample, and then the program automatically calculates
the average and presents the result.
Fatty acid analysis
The lipids from the fresh and aged muscle samples were extracted according
to Folch et al. (1957). Saponification of fat was made in 0.5 M potassium hydroxide (KOH) in methanol
and esterification in 10 % BF3 in methanol. The fatty acid
methyl esters were extracted in the hexane.
The fatty acid profile of lipids was performed by gas-chromatograph analysis
using the Agilent Technologies GC 6890 N instrument equipped with capillary
column BP × 70 (length 60 m, internal diameter 0.22 mm, film thickness 0.25 µm). Operation conditions were helium gas (41 psi) and a FID detector at
240 ∘C. The temperature program was 3 min at 130 ∘C,
an increase to 235 ∘C by +2∘C min-1; 4 min at
235 ∘C.
The fatty acids were identified via reference material BCR 163 (beef/pig fat
blend). The isomer linoleic acid (CLA) was determined by standard cis-9,
trans-11 octadecadienoic acid-Larodon AB, Sweden.
Peroxidation of lipids
Lipid peroxidation products were evaluated in extracts from examined meat
samples as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), according to the
method of Uchiyama and Mihara (1978). Extracts were obtained after
homogenization of tissue lyophilisates in radio-immunoprecipitation assay
(RIPA) buffer and centrifugation (1600 × g, 10 min). TBARS were expressed as
malondialdehyde (MDA) equivalents, and the precursor of MDA
1.2.3.3-tetraethoxypropane (TEP) was utilized as a standard. The absorbance
was measured at 532 nm, applying a microplate reader (Infinite M200, Tecan,
Männedorf, Switzerland).
Statistical analysis
A statistical analysis of the data obtained was performed using the SPSS
23.0 packet software (2016), based on a linear model that included the
effect of muscle type and aging time. All effects were tested against
residual middle squares to determine the level of significance. Tukey's test
was used for comparing mean values when an F test for main effect was
significant. The results are presented as the least squares means (LSMs) for each trait and standard error (SE).
The mean values for meat quality properties for different muscles
and aging time.
ItemFresh meat Meat aged 14 d SELLGMLLGMpH5.565.55a5.615.69b0.03L∗ (lightness)39.6740.73a39.92x36.73by0.42a∗ (redness)15.2616.25a15.85x17.34by0.30b∗ (yellowness)5.715.88a5.93x7.06by0.29C∗16.3517.42a17.04x18.84by0.30H∗20.4519.9920.3622.290.97Expressed juice (cm2 g-1)20.50a19.65a14.73b12.60b0.80Cooking loss (%)28.91ax37.25y34.48b34.640.97Shear force (N)59.43ax40.86ay43.67bx35.45by1.61
LL – M. longissimus lumborum. GM – M. gluteus medius. SE – standard error.
a, b – different superscripts in the same row represent significant
differences among aging time (within individual muscles) (P<0.05).
x, y – different superscripts in the same row represent significant
differences among individual muscles (within aging time) (P<0.05).
Result and discussionPhysical characteristics of meat
There were no statistical differences in the pH value between analyzed LL
and GM muscles both in fresh and aged meat. The pH value increased slightly
after 14 d of aging but the statistically significant differences
(P<0.05) were recorded only for GM muscle (Table 2). In the studies
of Abdullah and Qudsieh (2009), aging for 7 d had no effect on pH in
semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris and longissimus muscles. In turn, Yanar and Yetim (2001) reported that pH in
longissimus dorsi and semimembranosus muscles from adult ewes significantly declined after 7 d of the aging
period. The pH value in the examined LL and GM muscles in both aging periods
(24 h and 14 d) was lower than that obtained by Tschirhart-Hoelscher et al. (2006) in longissimus and gluteus medius muscles after 7 d of aging.
The aging time has an effect on the changes in meat color. The increase
(P<0.05) of the value of redness (a∗) and yellowness (b∗) and
decline (P<0.05) of lightness (L∗) was recorded in the GM muscle after the
14 d aging period (Table 2). The greater saturation of redness was
confirmed by the increase of C∗ value (P<0.05) in gluteus medius muscle. The
aging had no effect on lightness, redness and yellowness, as well as chroma (C)
and hue angle (H) in relation to the longissimus lumborum muscle (Table 2). Differences in the
parameters characterizing the color of meat between the examined LL and GM
muscles were not found in fresh meat, but the value of these parameters
among both muscles differs significantly after 14 d of aging. The LL
muscle was characterized by higher values of L∗ and lower redness, yellowness
and chroma in comparison with the GM muscle (Table 2). The presented results are
different than those reported by Tschirhart-Hoelscher et al. (2006), who,
analyzing the color of 18 lamb skeletal muscles after a 7 d aging period,
recorded a higher lightness value of the gluteus medius muscle (L∗=43.2) and
longissimus lumborum (L∗=42.7), lower redness and yellowness, which for GM and LL muscle
were a∗ – 16.5 and 14.7, b∗ – 4.3 and 3.8, respectively. In turn, Abdullach and
Qudsieh (2009), in different muscles of Awassi lambs compared to fresh meat,
noted a significant increase in a∗ values with a slight decrease in L∗ after
7 d of aging. According to McKenna et al. (2005), changes in L∗ values
during the aging process are minor and play a minimal role in color stability of
red meat. The influence of storage time on changes in the color
characteristics of lamb meat was confirmed by Luciano et al. (2012) and
Ripoll et al. (2013), pointing to the complexity of conditions deteriorating
the acceptability of the color of meat by consumers.
The meat color is determined primarily by myoglobin, the concentration of
which in skeletal muscles may depend on their physiological activity and the
muscle fiber type in their structure (Mancini and Hunt, 2005). The
myoglobin concentration is higher in muscles containing more slow oxidative
than fast glycolytic fibers (Picard et al., 2002). This may explain the
differences in the parameters determining the color between LL and GM
muscles obtained in the conducted studies. According to Ithurralde et al. (2015), the proportion of slow oxidative fibers in the gluteus medius muscle is greater than in the longissimus lumborum. The greater differences between examined muscles
observed in the aged meat may be a consequence of the transformation of
myoglobin into other forms responsible for the less desirable meat color.
The aging time significantly affected (P<0.05) the cooking loss in
respect to the LL muscle. The differences in the cooking loss between fresh meat
and meat aged for 14 d in the GM muscle were not recorded; however, the value of
this parameter measured on fresh meat (24 h after slaughter) was higher
(P<0.05) in the gluteus medius muscle than in the longissimus lumborum (Table 2). As in the present study, the
increase in cooking loss in longissimus lumborum muscle after 5 d of aging was recorded by
Vieira and Fernandez (2014) in suckling lambs. The increase of this
parameter in the lamb semimembranosus muscle after 7 d of aging was also reported by Florek
et al. (2018). In contrast, in the research of Abdullah and Qudsieh (2009),
aging caused a significant decrease in this parameter in Awassi lambs'
longissimus muscle. The aging time did not significantly affect the cooking loss in
other muscles examined by the abovementioned authors.
Analyzing the expressed juice, it was found that the meat after the 14 d aging
period was characterized by a better value of this parameter. The lower
value (P<0.05) of this characteristic was found in both LL and GM
muscles. The similar results were given by Abdullah and Qudsieh (2009) for
semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris and longissimus lamb muscles. The lower ability of water holding in fresh meat may
be caused by the increase in the space between myofilaments due to the
sarcomere shortening rigor mortis process. During meat aging, the proteolytic
degradation of cytoskeletal proteins results in the loosening of the
sarcomere structure and may allow the meat to retain water (Pearce et al.,
2011).
In the present study, the meat tenderness, which is one of the most important
features in consumer assessment, was better in aged meat. Both LL and GM
muscles that were aged for 14 d had significantly (P<0.05) lower shear
force values than those in fresh meat (Table 2). The effect of the time of
meat aging on increasing its tenderness was noted by Florek et al. (2018) in
lamb and veal meat, Abdullah and Qudsieh (2009) in different muscles of
Awassi ram lambs and Sosin-Bzducha and Puchała (2017) in beef. The
better tenderness of aged meat could be associated with changes in
myofibrillar structure predominantly due to proteolysis of cytoskeletal
proteins, degradation of Z disks and some regulatory proteins (Koohmaraie,
1996). These processes cause a weakening of myofibrils and muscle relaxation
contributing to the improvement of tenderness. The key role in meat
tenderization is played by calpains, proteins belonging to the family of
calcium-dependent cysteine proteases (Koohmaraie and Geesink, 2006).
The shear force in the present study was affected by muscle type (Table 2).
The shear force value was higher (P<0.05) in longissimus lumborum compared to gluteus medius muscle
in fresh and 14 d aged meat. Differences in the shear force in the same
muscles as in the presented studies in fresh and 7 d aged meat were noted
by Ablikim et al. (2016) and Tschirhart-Hoelscher et al. (2006). However,
the results obtained by these authors indicated a greater value of shear
force in the gluteus medius muscle than in the longissimus lumborum. The differences in the shear force
depending on the type of muscles were recorded in lamb meat also by Esenbuga
et al. (2009) and by Kopuzlu et al. (2018) in beef. According to Abdullah et al. (2011), the variation in shear force values between muscles may result
from differences in sarcomere length, muscle fiber types and their diameters.
Chemical composition of meat
The results of chemical composition of fresh and aged meat are given in
Table 3. Compared to fresh meat, the moisture content in both LL and GM
muscles was lower (P<0.05) after 14 d of aging. The moisture in
the fresh LL muscle was higher (P<0.05) in comparison to that in the GM muscle. The
influence of the storage time of meat on its water content has also been
confirmed by Ablikim et al. (2016). However, in the research of Abdullah and
Qudsieh (2009), the moisture content was not affected by aging time in all
investigated muscles of Awassi lambs.
The mean values for meat chemical composition for different muscles
and aging time.
LL – M. longissimus lumborum. GM – M. gluteus medius. SE – standard error.
a, b – different superscripts in the same row represent significant
differences among aging time (within individual muscles) (P<0.05).
x, y – different superscripts in the same row represent significant
differences among individual muscles (within aging time) (P<0.05).
Statistically significant differences in the moisture content between
different lamb muscles were also noted by Esenbuga et al. (2009), whereas
Ablikim et al. (2016) did not find differences in this parameter among
longissimus dorsi and gluteus medius muscles in fresh meat.
The aging time had no effect on the protein and fat content in the examined
muscles (Table 3). Nevertheless, both parameters reached higher values in
the LL and GM muscles after 14 d of aging. The obtained results are in
agreement with those presented by Abdullah and Qudsieh (2009), who found
that the crude protein and fat content were not influenced by meat aging. In
the present study, the fresh and aged LL muscles were characterized by the
higher (P<0.05) intramuscular fat content compared to the GM muscle. In
turn, Ablikim et al. (2016) did not report differences in fat content
between longissimus dorsi and gluteus medius muscles, and neither did Esenbuga et al. (2009) when comparing the
longissimus dorsi, semitendinosus and triceps brachii muscles.
The mean values for fatty acid composition and TBARS for different
muscles and aging time.
LL – M. longissimus lumborum. GM – M. gluteus medius. SE – standard error.
a, b – different superscripts in the same row represent significant
differences among aging time (within individual muscles) (P<0.05).
x, y – different superscripts in the same row represent significant
differences among individual muscles (within aging time) (P<0.05).
Meat aging resulted in an increase (P<0.05) of total collagen
content in both LL and GM muscles. In addition, the significant differences
were found between investigated muscles. The content of total collagen was
higher (P<0.05) in gluteus medius compared to longissimus dorsi in fresh and aged meat (Table 3).
The effect of aging on total collagen content has not been confirmed by Kołczak et al. (2008) in bovine semitendinosus and psoas major muscles. In turn, Geldenhuys et al. (2016) found a significant increase in total collagen in the pectoralis major muscle in geese
after 14 d of aging compared to not aged meat. The differences in the
total collagen content depending on the type of muscle in lamb meat were
noted by Tschirhart-Hoelscher et al. (2006). As in the present study,
authors found the higher total collagen content in gluteus medius muscle compared to
longissimus lumborum, whereas Ablikim et al. (2016) noted a higher content of collagen in the
longissimus dorsi muscle than in the gluteus medius. The differences in total collagen content between
different muscles may be related to the intramuscular fat content. According
to Listrat et al. (2016), a negative correlation between collagen content and
intramuscular fat has been observed. It indicates that an increase in fat
would cause a relative decrease in muscle collagen content, which was also
confirmed in the present study (Table 3).
Lipid oxidation and fatty acid profile
In the conducted study, the aging time increased the rate of lipid
peroxidation expressed as TBARS; however, the differences were not
statistically confirmed (Table 4). The higher content of substances
reacting with thiobarbituric acid (P<0.05) was recorded in the GM muscle compared to longissimus lumborum both in fresh and 14 d aged meat (Table 4).
The increase of lipid oxidation in the meat of crossbred lambs was obtained
by Ponnampalam et al. (2017) but as a result of 60 d of aging. In the
studies of Ripoll et al. (2013), the oxidation rate increased after 7 d of
aging LL muscle of Aragonesa ram lambs, although it was different depending
on the ration composition and the level of α-tocopherol
supplementation. The increase in peroxidation process under the influence of
aging time depending on type of nutrition was recorded by Luciano et al. (2012).
The oxidative stability of meat depends primarily on balance between the
antioxidant and pro-oxidative components in the meat (Descalzo and Sancho,
2008). The polyunsaturated fatty acids are substances undoubtedly initiating
lipid oxidation. On the other hand, both endogenous and exogenous defense
mechanisms that counteract oxidation are able to extend the shelf life,
which may explain insignificant oxidative changes in aged meat in the
present study.
In turn, the differences in TBARS values between investigated muscle types
may be a consequence of significant differences in PUFA content. The higher
amount of this acid group (P<0.05) was found in fresh and aged GM
muscle compared to LL (Table 4). In the gluteus medius muscle, the proportion of long-chain
acids with more than two numbers of unsaturated bonds, which are less resistant
to oxidation (C20:3; C20:4; C20:5), was higher (P<0.05) in both
investigated periods. As reported by Yang et al. (2002), even small changes
in the concentration of such acids can have a significant effect in
oxidative stability of meat. On the other hand, the increased content of
PUFAs may enhance the antioxidant activity and counteract these processes.
Similarly, being a good antioxidant itself, CLA isomer (C18:2 cis-9,
trans-11), can provide natural protection against lipid oxidation (Decker,
1995). Increased content (P<0.05) of this isomer in the GM muscle after
14 d of aging could have a positive effect on oxidative stability (Table 4). In addition to the abovementioned isomer, the meat aging had no effect
on the fatty acid content in both LL and GM muscles. Similarly, Mungure et al. (2016) did not register changes in SFA, MUFA and PUFA content in heifers'
semimembranosus muscle between 7 and 14 d of aging.
The results of other authors (Carnevale de Almeida et al., 2006; Mourot et
al., 2015; De Brito et al., 2017) suggest that the fatty acid profile,
apart from many factors, may be affected by muscle type, regardless of the
animal species. The higher content (P<0.05) of n-6 PUFA in the GM muscle in the present study confirmed the results of Janovska et al. (2010),
who indicated that muscles with a higher proportion of oxidative fibers have
a greater ability to accumulate this family of acids. A higher proportion of
n-6 acids resulted in an increase (P<0.05) of the n-6 / n-3 ratio in
the gluteus medius muscle.
Conclusions
The results of this study indicate that the aging process had an effect on
some physicochemical characteristics of lamb meat. Meat subjected to 14 d of aging was characterized by a darker color, larger cooking loss and
the better parameters of expressed juice. Aged meat, despite higher collagen
content, showed significantly better tenderness, which is very important in
terms of consumer acceptance. The aging time had no effect on the oxidative
stability and fatty acid profile.
The differences between LL and GM muscles concerned the meat color, shear
force value, fatty acid profile and lipid oxidation. The LL muscle was
lighter in color, while the GM muscle had better tenderness. The higher
PUFA content in the GM muscle, especially from the n-6 family, resulted in
an increased n-6 / n-3 ratio. The TBARS value indicated better oxidative
stability of the LL muscle.
Data availability
The data are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Author contributions
ARR conceived and designed the study, performed the research, wrote the
paper and assumed primary responsibility for the final content; WR performed
the research, analyzed the data, conducted statistical data analysis and
wrote the paper; MŚ performed the research and analyzed the data; RN
conceived and designed the study, supported the design of the study and
critically revised the paper; ŻS performed the research; MB performed
the research; EO performed the research; AMV performed the research; MŚ
performed the research.
All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Review statement
This paper was edited by Steffen Maak and reviewed by two anonymous referees.
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